views_handler_field::render_text in core/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_field.inc

Perform an advanced text render for the item.

views_handler_field_links::get_links in core/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_field_links.inc

Internal function to get a list of links for this field.

views_handler_field_math::render in core/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_field_math.inc

Render the field.